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📜 Wills, Enduring Powers of Attorney and Estate Basics

Most young New Zealanders don't think about wills or estate planning. But every adult, even a 20-year-old, needs to understand what happens to their money, property, and decisions if something goes wrong. This guide covers why wills matter (even for young people), what happens if you die without one (intestacy), how NZ's property relationship laws can override your will, what an enduring power of attorney is and why it's different from a will, executor responsibilities, and approximate costs.

Key Point: If you die without a valid will in NZ, the Administration Act 1969 decides who gets your assets, not you. Your partner may not get everything. The Property (Relationships) Act 1976 can override your will entirely for relationship property. An Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) lets someone you trust make decisions if you become incapacitated. A basic will costs $300 to $600 through a lawyer. Every adult should have a will and an EPA.

Why Even Young People Need a Will

  • You have assets: Even a bank account, a car, KiwiSaver, and personal belongings need to go somewhere.
  • KiwiSaver is significant: By your mid-20s, your KiwiSaver balance might be $20,000 to $50,000. Without a will, KiwiSaver is distributed according to intestacy rules, which may not match your wishes.
  • Digital assets: Social media accounts, crypto wallets, online subscriptions, photos. Without instructions, these are often lost.
  • Children: If you have kids, a will is where you name a guardian. Without one, the Family Court decides.
  • Debt: Your estate handles your debts. A will helps executors manage this cleanly.

What Happens if You Die Without a Will (Intestacy)

NZ's Administration Act 1969 sets out fixed rules. You don't get a say:

SituationWho Gets What
Spouse/partner, no childrenSpouse/partner gets everything
Spouse/partner + childrenPartner gets personal chattels + $155,000 + 1/3 of remainder. Children share 2/3 of remainder.
Children, no spouseChildren share equally
No spouse, no childrenParents, then siblings, then extended family in statutory order
No traceable familyCrown (government) takes everything

Unmarried de facto partners ARE included (if the relationship meets the 3-year threshold under the PRA), but proving it adds cost, delay, and stress to an already difficult time.

The Property (Relationships) Act 1976 (PRA)

This is the law most people don't know about. The PRA says relationship property (assets acquired during a relationship of 3+ years) is split 50/50 on death or separation, regardless of what the will says. This means:

  • The family home is almost always relationship property (50% to partner)
  • Savings accumulated during the relationship are relationship property
  • KiwiSaver contributions during the relationship are relationship property
  • A will leaving "everything to my children" can be overridden by the PRA giving 50% to the partner first

Understanding PRA is critical for blended families, second marriages, and anyone with children from a previous relationship.

📝 Making a Will and Choosing an Executor

What a Valid NZ Will Requires

  • In writing (handwritten or typed)
  • Signed by you in the presence of 2 witnesses
  • Witnessed by 2 people who are both present when you sign (and they sign too)
  • Witnesses must NOT be beneficiaries (anyone who inherits can't witness)
  • You must be mentally capable at the time of signing
  • You must be 18+ (or married/in civil union)

What to Include in Your Will

  • Full legal name and date
  • Revocation of any previous wills
  • Appointment of executor(s)
  • Guardianship of minor children
  • Specific bequests (who gets what)
  • Residuary estate (everything not specifically listed)
  • Funeral wishes (burial/cremation preference)
  • Digital asset instructions (passwords, crypto, social media)

Choosing an Executor

The executor is the person who carries out your will. They collect assets, pay debts, distribute to beneficiaries, file tax returns, and close accounts. Choose someone who is trustworthy, organised, and willing. You can name more than one. Professional executors (lawyers, Public Trust, Perpetual Guardian) charge fees (typically 1 to 5% of estate value). A trusted family member or friend does it for free but needs to be capable.

DIY Will vs Lawyer Will

OptionCostProsCons
Will kit (stationery shop)$30 to $50Cheap, fastEasy to make errors that invalidate the will
Online will service$100 to $200Guided, convenientNo personalised legal advice; complex situations may be missed
Lawyer$300 to $600Tailored, legally robust, considers PRAMore expensive; need an appointment
Public Trust$250 to $500Widely available, includes storageMay push their own executor services

For straightforward situations (single, no children, simple assets), a DIY or online will may suffice. For anyone with property, children, a partner, blended families, or business interests, use a lawyer. The $400 is trivial compared to the cost of an invalid or disputed will.

Updating Your Will

Update your will when: you marry or enter a de facto relationship (marriage automatically revokes a previous will in NZ), separate or divorce, have children, buy or sell property, move countries, or a named executor or beneficiary dies. Review every 3 to 5 years even if nothing obvious changes.

🔐 Enduring Powers of Attorney (EPA)

What an EPA Is (and Isn't)

An Enduring Power of Attorney lets someone you trust make decisions on your behalf if you become mentally incapable (stroke, dementia, serious accident, coma). It is NOT the same as a will. A will takes effect when you die. An EPA takes effect while you're alive but unable to make decisions.

The Two Types of EPA

TypeWhat It CoversWhen It Activates
EPA for PropertyFinancial decisions: bank accounts, property, investments, bills, taxesCan activate immediately (you choose) or only on incapacity
EPA for Personal Care and WelfareHealth decisions: medical treatment, living arrangements, daily careONLY activates when you lose mental capacity

You can appoint different people for each type. For example: your sibling for property (they're good with money) and your partner for personal care (they know your health preferences).

Why Every Adult Needs an EPA

  • Without an EPA: If you become incapacitated, your family must apply to the Family Court for a welfare guardian or property manager. This takes months, costs thousands, and the court may appoint someone you wouldn't have chosen.
  • With an EPA: Your chosen person can act immediately. No court involvement. Bills get paid, medical decisions get made, life continues.
  • Young people too: A serious car accident or head injury can happen at any age. An EPA is relevant from 18.

How to Set Up an EPA

  • Must be in the prescribed form (Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act 1988)
  • Must be witnessed by a lawyer or authorised witness
  • The lawyer must explain the implications to you and certify you understand
  • Cost: typically $150 to $300 per EPA (so $300 to $600 for both types)
  • Often done at the same time as a will (bundle pricing)

Choosing Your Attorney

Pick someone who: you trust absolutely, is practical and organised, understands your values (especially for personal care), is willing to serve, and ideally lives in NZ. You can have more than one (acting jointly or independently). Include a successor in case your first choice can't act.

Where to Store These Documents

  • Original will: with your lawyer, or at Public Trust, or in a fireproof safe at home
  • EPA: same as will; your attorney needs to know where it is
  • Tell your executor, attorney, and close family WHERE these documents are
  • Keep copies (clearly marked "COPY") with trusted people
  • Register your will with the NZ Wills Register (optional but helpful)

🔢 Worked Examples and Real-World Stories

Example 1: Cost of Getting Sorted

What a complete estate planning package costs for a young couple:

2 x Wills (lawyer, bundled): $800
2 x EPA for Property: $400
2 x EPA for Personal Care and Welfare: $400
Total: $1,600 for 6 documents
Per person: $800 for complete peace of mind
This covers you for 5 to 10 years before review

Real-World Story: The Intestacy Nightmare

1
Matt, 32, Auckland

De facto partner of 4 years. No will. Died suddenly in a workplace accident. Left a house, $80,000 KiwiSaver, and a car.

What Happened:

  • No will meant the Administration Act applied
  • Partner had to prove the de facto relationship to access anything (took 4 months)
  • Matt's estranged parents also made a claim under the Family Protection Act
  • Legal costs for all parties exceeded $35,000
  • Took 18 months to settle. Partner got the house (PRA) but lost months of income dealing with it.

Lesson: A $400 will would have avoided $35,000 in legal costs and 18 months of stress. Even young, healthy people die unexpectedly.

Real-World Story: The EPA That Saved a Family

2
Karen, 58, Christchurch

Had a stroke at 58. Could no longer manage finances or make medical decisions.

With EPA in Place:

  • Daughter (named EPA for property) immediately took over bill payments, rates, insurance
  • Husband (named EPA for personal care) made medical treatment decisions
  • No court involvement. No delays. No cost beyond the original $300 EPA setup.

Without EPA (her neighbour's experience):

  • Neighbour had a similar stroke but no EPA
  • Family had to apply to Family Court for a property manager
  • Took 5 months. Cost $8,000 in legal fees.
  • During those 5 months, mortgage payments were missed, power was nearly disconnected, medical bills accumulated.

Lesson: EPA setup costs $300. Not having one can cost $8,000+ and months of chaos.

Real-World Story: The PRA Override

3
David, 65, Tauranga

Remarried at 55. Will left everything to children from first marriage. Wife got nothing in the will.

What Happened:

  • Under the PRA, the second wife was entitled to 50% of relationship property
  • The house ($800,000, purchased during the second marriage) was relationship property
  • Wife elected to claim under PRA instead of accepting what the will gave her (nothing)
  • Children from the first marriage received 50% of the house and other assets, not 100%
  • Dispute cost $45,000 in legal fees across all parties

Lesson: The PRA overrides your will for relationship property. If you're in a second relationship with children from a first, you MUST get a contracting-out agreement (prenup) or accept that your will doesn't control relationship property.

🎯 Test Your Knowledge

Quiz

1. What happens if you die without a will in NZ?
Your partner automatically gets everything
The Administration Act 1969 decides who gets your assets
The government takes everything
Nothing happens
2. What does the Property (Relationships) Act do on death?
Nothing, the will controls
Gives 50% of relationship property to the surviving partner, overriding the will if necessary
Gives everything to children
Only applies to married couples
3. Marriage in NZ automatically:
Updates your will
Revokes (cancels) any existing will
Has no effect on your will
Creates a new will
4. An Enduring Power of Attorney takes effect:
When you die
While you are alive but unable to make decisions
Only after age 65
Only if you go overseas
5. How many types of EPA are there in NZ?
1
2 (Property, and Personal Care/Welfare)
3
4
6. Without an EPA, if you become incapacitated, your family must:
Just take over automatically
Apply to the Family Court for a welfare guardian (months, thousands of dollars)
Contact StudyLink
Nothing can be done
7. A basic will from a NZ lawyer costs approximately:
$50
$300 to $600
$2,000
$5,000+
8. To be valid, a NZ will must be witnessed by:
1 witness
2 witnesses, both present when you sign
A judge
No witnesses needed
9. How often should you review your will?
Never, once is enough
Every 3 to 5 years, or after major life events
Every year
Only when you retire
10. KiwiSaver on death is distributed:
Automatically to the government
According to your will (or intestacy rules if no will)
Stays in the fund forever
Only to your employer

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