🏠 Types of Household Debt in NZ

Mortgage

Characteristics:

• Largest debt: Usually several hundred thousand dollars
• Secured: Property is collateral - bank can foreclose if default
• Long term: Typically 25-30 years
• Moderate interest: Lower rates than unsecured debt due to security
• Essential for homeownership: Most New Zealanders cannot buy property without mortgage

Considerations:

Mortgage is typically considered "good debt" because it enables purchasing appreciating asset (property historically appreciates in NZ). However, becoming "house poor" (all income consumed by mortgage) creates different stress. Mortgage should be sustainable even with income disruption or interest rate rises.

Student Loan

Characteristics:

• Interest-free: No interest while living in NZ (unique feature)
• Income-contingent: Repayments based on income (12% of gross above threshold)
• Deducted at source: Taken from pay before you receive it
• Long tail: Can take decades to repay
• Affects borrowing: Reduces disposable income for mortgage servicing

Considerations:

Student loan is unusual debt - interest-free but still reduces take-home income. Not urgent to pay off aggressively (no interest penalty for slow repayment) but reduces borrowing capacity for mortgage. Balance between voluntary extra payments and saving for house deposit is personal decision.

Credit Cards

Characteristics:

• Revolving credit: Borrow up to limit, repay, borrow again
• High interest: Typically 15-25% annually on balances carried
• Minimum payment trap: Paying minimum keeps you in debt for years
• Flexible: Can access credit immediately
• Dangerous if mismanaged: Easy to accumulate unmanageable balances

Considerations:

Credit cards are useful payment tool if paid in full monthly (no interest charged). Become expensive debt if carrying balances. High interest means balances grow quickly. Many New Zealanders carry credit card debt for years, paying mostly interest.

Personal Loans

Characteristics:

• Fixed amount: Borrow lump sum, repay over set term
• Moderate to high interest: Typically 8-20% depending on creditworthiness
• Unsecured usually: Not tied to specific asset
• Fixed repayments: Know exactly what you owe monthly
• Used for various purposes: Debt consolidation, car purchase, home improvements, unexpected expenses

Car Finance

Characteristics:

• Secured on vehicle: Lender can repossess car if default
• Moderate interest: Typically 8-15%
• Depreciating asset: Car value drops while loan remains
• Term usually 3-5 years: Structured to match reasonable car lifespan

Considerations:

Car loans are common in NZ but problematic - financing depreciating asset means owing more than car is worth for significant portion of loan. Cash purchase or much shorter financing avoids this trap.

Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL)

Characteristics:

• Short-term: Typically 6-12 weeks split into instalments
• No interest: If paid on time
• Fees for late payment: Can accumulate quickly
• Easy to stack: Multiple BNPL accounts with different providers
• Affects borrowing: Banks increasingly scrutinize BNPL use

Other Debt Types:

• Overdrafts: Emergency credit on transaction account, high interest
• Store credit: Credit with specific retailer, often high interest
• Payday loans: Very short-term, extremely high interest (avoid)
• Family loans: Borrowed from relatives, no formal terms usually

⚖️ Good Debt vs Risky Debt & Calculating Position

Good Debt vs Risky Debt (NZ Examples)

Good Debt Characteristics:

• Enables purchasing appreciating or income-producing asset
• Creates future financial benefit exceeding cost of debt
• Reasonable interest rate relative to benefit gained
• Sustainable repayment structure

NZ Examples of Good Debt:

• Owner-occupied mortgage: Property historically appreciates, provides housing security
• Investment property mortgage: If rental income covers costs and property appreciates
• Business loan: If business generates profit exceeding loan cost
• Student loan: Debatable - if education increases lifetime earnings beyond loan amount

Risky Debt Characteristics:

• Funds consumption or depreciating assets
• High interest rate
• Used to maintain lifestyle rather than build wealth
• No lasting benefit after debt repaid

NZ Examples of Risky Debt:

• Credit card balances: For general spending, high interest, no asset acquired
• Car loans: Vehicle depreciates rapidly, often owe more than car worth
• BNPL for non-essentials: Financing discretionary purchases
• Holiday on credit: Paying interest for consumed experience
• Payday loans: Extremely high interest for short-term cash

The Nuance:

Some debt is neither purely good nor purely bad - context matters. Car loan may be necessary for work but is still financing depreciating asset. Personal loan for home solar panels may have positive return through energy savings. The distinction helps prioritize which debt to eliminate first (risky/expensive) vs which can be managed longer-term (good/cheap).

Calculating Your Total Debt Position

Step 1: Total Balances

List every debt with current balance owing:

• Mortgage: remaining principal
• Student loan: total balance
• Credit cards: current balance (not limit)
• Personal loans: remaining balance
• Car finance: amount still owed
• BNPL: total across all services
• Any other debts: overdraft, family loans, etc.

Sum these to get total household debt.

Step 2: Monthly Debt Servicing

For each debt, note minimum required payment:

• Mortgage monthly repayment
• Student loan monthly deduction
• Credit card minimum payment
• Personal loan monthly instalment
• Car finance monthly repayment
• BNPL instalments due this month

Sum these to get total monthly debt servicing cost.

Step 3: Weighted Average Interest Rate

Calculate the average interest rate across all debts weighted by balance:

• For each debt: (Balance × Interest Rate) = Weighted component
• Sum all weighted components
• Divide by total debt

This shows overall cost of your debt. Student loan is 0% so doesn't inflate this, but credit cards at high rates significantly increase it.

Step 4: Debt-to-Income Ratio

Critical metric for assessing sustainability:

• Formula: Total Debt ÷ Gross Annual Household Income
• NZ guideline: Banks typically uncomfortable with ratios above 6:1 for total lending (but this includes mortgages)
• Consumer debt specifically: Ratio of non-mortgage debt to income should be much lower

Step 5: Debt Servicing Ratio

What percentage of income goes to debt payments:

• Formula: (Total Monthly Debt Servicing ÷ Gross Monthly Income) × 100
• Sustainable: Under 30% for all debt including mortgage
• Stressed: 40-50% creates severe strain
• Unsustainable: Over 50% leaves insufficient for living expenses

⚠️ Warning Signs and Debt Overview Plan

Debt Stress Warning Signs

Financial Warning Signs:

• Using new debt to pay existing debt: Taking cash advance on credit card to make car loan payment
• Only making minimum payments: Never reducing principal balances
• Multiple credit applications: Desperately seeking new credit to stay afloat
• Overdraft always maxed: Permanent state rather than emergency use
• No savings buffer: Unable to save anything, living payday to payday
• Late payment fees frequent: Regularly missing due dates
• Debt growing not shrinking: Total balance increasing month over month

Behavioural Warning Signs:

• Avoiding bills: Not opening mail or checking balances
• Hiding spending: Secrecy from partner about purchases or debts
• Emotional spending: Shopping to cope with debt stress
• Debt-related anxiety: Constant worry about money
• Relationship conflict: Fighting with partner about finances
• Sleep disruption: Money worries affecting rest

When to Seek Help:

If experiencing multiple warning signs, consider free debt advice from MoneyTalks (0800 345 123) or Citizens Advice Bureau. Early intervention prevents escalation to defaults or bankruptcy.

Building a Debt Overview Plan

Step 1: Complete Debt Inventory

Create spreadsheet with columns:

• Debt type/creditor
• Current balance
• Interest rate
• Minimum monthly payment
• Due date
• Security (if secured debt)

Step 2: Calculate Key Metrics

• Total debt
• Total monthly servicing cost
• Weighted average interest rate
• Debt-to-income ratio
• Debt servicing ratio

Step 3: Prioritize Debts

Two main strategies:

Debt Avalanche (Mathematically Optimal):

• List debts by interest rate, highest first
• Pay minimums on all debts
• Put all extra funds toward highest-rate debt
• When paid off, move to next highest rate
• Saves most money in interest

Debt Snowball (Psychologically Motivating):

• List debts by balance, smallest first
• Pay minimums on all debts
• Put all extra funds toward smallest balance
• When paid off, move to next smallest
• Provides quicker wins and motivation

Step 4: Create Repayment Budget

• Calculate disposable income (income minus essential expenses)
• Allocate minimums to all debts
• Determine extra amount available for priority debt
• Project timeline to clear each debt

Step 5: Consider Consolidation

If you have multiple high-interest debts (credit cards, personal loans), consolidation loan may help:

• Pros: Single payment, potentially lower interest, simplified management
• Cons: May extend repayment period, requires discipline not to reaccumulate cleared debts, may have establishment fees
• Assess: Only worthwhile if rate lower than weighted average and you commit to not creating new debt

Step 6: Monthly Tracking

• Update balances monthly
• Track total debt trend (should be decreasing)
• Celebrate milestones (debt paid off, balance thresholds passed)
• Adjust strategy if circumstances change

📊 NZ Scenario and Debt Health Checklist

NZ Scenario: Tara and James, Christchurch

Background: Couple in early 30s, one child, combined gross income $95,000 annually.

Their Debt Situation (Before Assessment):

• Mortgage: $380,000 at 6.5%, $2,600/month, house worth $520,000
• Student loan (Tara): $18,000, $0 voluntary payment (just 12% deduction from pay)
• Credit card 1 (Tara): $4,200 balance, $5,000 limit, 19.95%, $130/month minimum
• Credit card 2 (James): $2,800 balance, $8,000 limit, 21.95%, $85/month minimum
• Car loan: $12,000 remaining, 11.5%, $380/month, car worth $15,000
• Afterpay: $600 across three purchases, $150 due this fortnight
• Personal loan: $6,500 at 14.5%, $245/month, taken for emergency house repairs

Initial Calculations:

• Total debt: $423,100
• Monthly debt servicing: $3,440 (plus $712/month student loan deduction)
• Combined monthly gross income: $7,917
• Debt servicing ratio: 52% (unsustainable)
• Debt-to-income ratio: 4.5 (reasonable for total including mortgage, but consumer debt concerning)

Warning Signs They Were Experiencing:

• Using credit cards to cover monthly shortfalls
• Credit card balances growing, not shrinking
• Argument about money every week
• Tara avoiding checking bank balance
• Using Afterpay for groceries (desperation sign)

Their Debt Overview Plan:

Immediate actions:

• Stopped all new BNPL use
• Created complete debt inventory
• Faced full picture together rather than separately

Strategy chosen (Debt Avalanche):

1. Credit card 2 (21.95% - highest rate)
2. Credit card 1 (19.95%)
3. Personal loan (14.5%)
4. Car loan (11.5%)
5. Mortgage (6.5% - already paying above minimum)
6. Student loan (0% - no urgency, automatic deduction)

Budget adjustments:

• Reduced discretionary spending by $400/month
• James picked up two extra shifts per month (+$600)
• Total extra for debt: $1,000/month

12-Month Progress:

• Credit card 2: Paid off (month 3)
• Credit card 1: Paid off (month 7)
• Personal loan: $2,100 remaining (was $6,500)
• Car loan: $8,200 remaining (was $12,000)
• Total consumer debt reduced from $26,100 to $10,900
• Debt servicing ratio reduced to 46% (still high but improving)

Key insights from their experience:

• Seeing total debt was confronting but necessary
• Having plan reduced stress even though debt still present
• Quick wins on credit cards provided motivation
• Working together on plan improved relationship
• Facing reality easier than avoiding it

Debt Health Checklist

Monthly Monitoring (Check Each Month):

• ☐ All debt payments made on time
• ☐ Total debt balance decreased from last month
• ☐ No new debt taken on
• ☐ Credit card balances paid down, not grown
• ☐ Debt servicing ratio under 40%
• ☐ Some savings contributed (even small amount)

Quarterly Review (Every 3 Months):

• ☐ Updated debt inventory with all current balances
• ☐ Recalculated weighted average interest rate
• ☐ Assessed progress against repayment timeline
• ☐ Adjusted strategy if needed
• ☐ Celebrated debt reduction milestones

Annual Assessment (Once Per Year):

• ☐ Compared total debt to previous year
• ☐ Reviewed debt-to-income ratio trend
• ☐ Assessed whether consolidation opportunities exist
• ☐ Checked credit report for accuracy
• ☐ Evaluated whether current strategy working or needs change

Red Flags (Immediate Action Needed):

• ❌ Using one debt to pay another
• ❌ Total debt growing month over month
• ❌ Missing payments regularly
• ❌ Debt servicing over 50% of income
• ❌ Unable to save anything for emergency fund
• ❌ Hiding debts from partner

If red flags present: Contact MoneyTalks (0800 345 123) or visit FinCap (financialmentors.nz) for free debt advice before situation escalates.

Final insight: Effective debt management in New Zealand requires seeing total household debt position, not just individual loans. Types include mortgage (largest, secured), student loan (interest-free but reduces income), credit cards (high interest, revolving), personal loans, car finance, BNPL. Good debt builds wealth (mortgage on appreciating property), risky debt funds consumption (credit cards for lifestyle). Calculate position by: summing all balances, determining monthly servicing cost, calculating weighted interest rate, assessing debt-to-income ratio. Warning signs include using new debt for old, only minimum payments, growing balances, relationship stress, avoiding bills. Build debt overview plan: complete inventory, calculate metrics, prioritize by interest rate or balance size, create repayment budget, track monthly. Real Christchurch couple scenario shows facing total debt, creating plan, and achieving progress. Debt health checklist provides ongoing monitoring framework. Hidden debt stress accumulates when fragmented - total visibility, though confronting, enables effective management and eventual debt freedom.